19 February 2015

Ways Cannabis is Good for Your Brain

It's not about getting 'high', cannabis could save your life!
Modern research is showing that cannabis extracts protect and benefit the human brain in amazing ways. Scientists are showing that cannabis actually helps to keep your brain safe from disease, dementia and even death!

Cannabis promotes new brain cell growth
US government scare campaigns claim cannabis kills brain cells, but the truth is studies done in the 1970's involving strapping a gas mask onto a monkey and pumping hundreds of joints worth of smoke into it resulted in the monkeys suffering from lack of oxygen and their brain cells died. Now completely discredited, the Dr Heath/Tulane Study of 1974 was the basis for US government booklets and sponsored anti-cannabis propaganda literature.

In 1974, then California Governor Ronald Reagan was asked about decriminalising 'marijuana'. After producing the Heath/Tulane University study, the so-called "Great Communicator" told the national press, "The most reliable scientific sources say permanent brain damage is one of the inevitable results of the use of 'marijuana'" (LA Times). Ronald Reagan's pronouncement was probably based on the fact that cannabis smoking was the only difference in the two sets of monkeys. Perhaps Reagan trusted the federal research, therefore reflecting a real health hazard to humans. Perhaps he had other motives. In 1980, Playboy and NORML finally received, after six years of requests and suing the US Government, an accurate account of the research procedures used in the famous report. When NORML/Playboy hired researchers to examine the reported results against the actual methodology, they laughed. They discovered that Heath had completely omitted, among other things, the carbon monoxide the monkeys inhaled during the 63 joints in five minutes; carbon monoxide is a deadly gas that kills brain cells and is given off by any burning object. All researchers found the cannabis findings in Heath's experiment to be of no value. The Heath Monkey study was actually a study in animal asphyxiation and carbon monoxide poisoning.
An excerpt from "The Emperor Wears No Clothes", by Jack Herer [ pp 77]
When U.S. government sponsored marijuana research prior to 1976 indicated that pot was harmless or beneficial, the methodology of how the studies were done was always presented in detail in the reports; e.g., read "The Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana" (1976) and you will see exactly what the methodology of each medical study was. However, when our government bureaucrats deliberately sponsored negative marijuana research, time and time again Playboy magazine and/or NORML, High times, etc. had to sue under the new Freedom of Information Act to find out the actual methods employed.
Modern research is now proving the active ingredients in cannabis spur the growth of new brain cells! Back in 2005, Dr Xia Zhang at the University of Saskatchewan showed that cannabinoids cause “neurogenesis”, which means they help make new brain cells grow!

Most ‘drugs of abuse’ suppress neurogenesis,” said Dr Zhang. “Only 'marijuana' promotes neurogenesis”. Scientists in Brazil expanded on this research, demonstrating in 2013 that CBD, another compound in cannabis, also causes new brain cells to sprout. Researchers in Italy then produced the same result with CBC, another cannabinoid found in cannabis resin. Now there is no doubt that cannabinoids cause new brain cells to grow in the hippocampus. This helps explain previous research showing that cannabinoids effectively treat mood disorders like depression, anxiety and stress, they are all related to a lack of adult neurogenesis.

Cannabis prevents Alzheimer’s
As many as 5 million Americans (over 65) suffer from Alzheimer’s Disease and over 300,000 Australians suffer from dementia, but there’s hope in sight. Modern research shows that using cannabis helps prevent the incidence of Alzheimer’s and dementia by cleaning away beta-amyloid “brain plaque”. A 2014 study into cannabis and Alzheimer’s found that “THC could be a potential therapeutic treatment option for Alzheimer's disease through multiple functions and pathways” confirming earlier studies which found that THC “simultaneously treated both the symptoms and progression of Alzheimer’s disease”. One 2008 study concluded that, “compared to currently approved drugs prescribed for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, THC is considerably superior”. These studies used very low levels of THC to find these results, the levels you might find in a moderate cannabis user. So where’s the mainstream media headlines from 2008 and 2014 saying “Cannabis Prevents Alzheimer’s”?

Cannabis prevents brain damage after strokes and trauma
A study done in 2012 (Long-term behavioural and biochemical effects of an ultra-low dose of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): neuroprotection and ERK signaling) found that low dose THC protected mice brains from damage by carbon monoxide and head trauma. Researchers found that THC “protected brain cells and preserved cognitive function over time” and suggested that it could be used as a preventative and for ongoing protection. A 2014 study (published in October) found that people with low amounts of THC in their system were about 80% less likely to die from serious head injuries than those without. This last study is actually quite remarkable and should have been headline news. This means that in a group of occasional cannabis users and a group of abstainers who suffer similar brain injuries, the cannabis users will suffer only 2 deaths for every 10 suffered by the abstainers! There are approximately 53,000 deaths every year from traumatic head injury in America (in Australia, Acquired Brain Injury affects over 600,000; and three out of four sufferers are under 65 years). The US study showed that if every adult American had a puff of cannabis once a week, 20% of those deaths would be avoided, that’s about 41,600 lives that could be saved, every year. Why isn’t this world-wide front page news? And there's plenty of other research available on cannabis and brain trauma.

Cannabis extracts treat brain cancer
Another exciting use of cannabinoids is in the treatment of cancer. Repeated laboratory and animal studies have shown that cannabinoids kill cancer cells and shrink tumours, while helping to protect normal cells. Recent research includes a 2012 study showing that CBD stopped metastasis in aggressive forms of cancer; a 2013 study showing that a blend of six cannabinoids killed leukaemia cells; and a 2014 study showing that THC and CBD could be combined with traditional chemotherapy to produce “dramatic reductions” in brain tumour size. Using cannabis extracts for brain cancer is nothing new. A 1998 study found that THC “induces apoptosis [cell death] in C6 glioma cells”, an aggressive form of brain cancer.

The medicinal benefits of cannabis and cannabinoids are immense and it’s time everyone was allowed full access to this amazing healing herb. Who knows? Maybe one day we’ll even get to use outdoor home-grown cannabis to produce pure, cheap cannabinoids for the millions across the world who need them ...


This article adapted from http://www.alternet.org

08 February 2015

Cannabis Law In Australia

Cannabis Use and Possession is Illegal All Over Australia, But The Penalties Vary Greatly From State to State...
February 2015




Both New South Wales and Victoria  are moving toward clinical trials for medical use of cannabis. On the Federal level the Greens are pushing a private members bill to allow cannabis to be used to treat a range of ailments. But what do the current laws says about use and possession of cannabis?
Here is a look at laws on cannabis use in each state and territory. Some states offer diversion programs despite cannabis being a criminal offence, but these programs are only available to non-violent offenders.

NEW SOUTH WALES

Any cannabis offence is considered a criminal offence in New South Wales, which is one of the toughest states on drug use. Offenders caught with up to 15 grams of cannabis may be cautioned by police, who will also give them information about the harms associated with it and a number to call for more advice. The offender can be cautioned twice before charges are laid.

AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY

The ACT has decriminalised minor cannabis offences, but the drug is still considered illegal. A civil penalty system for the possession of 'small amounts' of cannabis was introduced in 1993. Offenders caught with up to two non-hydroponic cannabis plants, or up to 25 grams of marijuana are fined $100 and given 60 days to pay. Criminal charges are not laid and offenders can choose to attend a treatment program instead of paying the fine.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

South Australia decriminalised minor cannabis offences in 1987 and was the first state to do so. Residents found with up to 100 grams of marijuana, 20 grams of hash (resin), one non-hydroponic plant or cannabis smoking equipment are fined $50 to $150 and given 60 days to pay.

VICTORIA

Cannabis is illegal and criminal in Victoria, but drug offences there are tried in a different court. As in the other non-decriminalised states, it's up to the arresting police officer to decide whether to charge the drug user, or refer them to a 'diversion' program aimed at informing and aiding them. Anyone carrying less than 50 grams of cannabis in Victoria can be directed to an education program, but - as in New South Wales - that option is only available to each offender twice before charges are laid.

TASMANIA

Under Tasmanian law, offenders found with up to 50 grams of cannabis can be cautioned three times in ten years, with different procedures at the time of each caution. Information and referral is provided on the first caution and an intervention is implemented with the second. On the third and final caution, the offender is assessed for dependence and sent for intervention or treatment.

NORTHERN TERRITORY

Under Northern Territory law, adults found in possession of, up to 50 grams of marijuana or one gram of hash oil or 10 grams of hash or cannabis seed or two non-hydroponic plants
are likely to be fined $200 and given 28 days to pay their fine. If they do this, they are not likely to face a criminal charge.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Alongside New South Wales, Western Australia has the nation's toughest stance on drug offences. In 2004 it introduced civil penalties for cannabis possession but this was overturned with a change of government in 2008. Since reforms in August 2011, offenders who have no prior cannabis offences but are caught with no more than 10 grams of harvested cannabis and/or a used smoking implement must attend a Cannabis Intervention Session within 28 days or receive a conviction. All cannabis cultivation (planting, watering or tending to even one marijuana plant) offences attract a criminal conviction.

QUEENSLAND

Even though possession and use of cannabis is a criminal offence in Queensland, offenders caught with up to 50 grams of cannabis must be first offered a drug diversion program. This includes a mandatory assessment and brief intervention session. Police must offer this but only one offer of diversion is allowed per person.

UPDATED 8 OCT 2014

05 February 2015

Cannabinoids

There are over 480 different identifiable chemical constituents known to exist in cannabis. The most distinctive and specific class of compounds are the Cannabinoids and over 60 are known only to exist in the Cannabis plant. 


Other known constituents of the Cannabis plant are: 

27 nitrogenous compounds; 18 amino acids; 3 proteins; 6 glycoproteins; 2 enzymes; 34 sugars and related compounds; 50 hydrocarbons; 7 simple alcohols; 13 aldehydes; 13 ketones; 21 simple acids; 22 fatty acids; 12 simple esters; 1 lactone; 11 steroids; 120 terpenes; 25 non-cannabinoid phenols; 21 flavonoids; 1 vitamin [Vitamin A]; 2 pigments, and 9 elements.



CBD (Cannabidiol) - CBD has low psychoactive characteristics associated with it ranging from 0.1–12%. CBD has anti-anxiety, ant-inflammatory, sedative and neuro-protective properties and studies have shown CBD's particular medicinal values include; helping to control certain cancers, helping control pain, stimulating bone growth, stopping the growth of bacteria, suppressing muscle spasms and convulsions, slowing inflammation, assisting with nausea, reducing the risk of artery obstructions, decreasing pressure in the blood vessel walls, reducing blood sugar levels, assisting in controlling epileptic seizures and helping reduce the risk of nerve damage.




CBC (Cannabichromene) – Some research has shown it has valuable medicinal properties with no psychoactive characteristics associated with it. Studies have shown CBC's particular medicinal values include; helping control pain, stopping the growth of fungi, slowing inflammation, stimulating bone growth, encouraging cell growth, stopping growth of bacteria and assisting in contraction of blood cells.





CBG (Cannabigerol) - CBG is not found much in medicinal cannabis but more commonly in higher concentrations of hemp. CBG has no psychoactive characteristics associated with it and studies have shown CBG’s particular medicinal values include stopping the growth of bacteria, stimulating bone growth and encouraging cell growth.





CBN (Cannabinol) - CBN is more or less a by-product of the chemical breakdown of THC. It lacks the strong psychoactive / medicinal qualities of THC and is usually found in degraded bud as there is very little CBN present in fresh cannabis plants. The more CBN the less THC and medical cannabis containing high levels can indicate age or improper handling of medicine. CBN has mildly psychoactive characteristics associated with it. Studies have shown CBN's particular medicinal values include acting as a sleep aid, slowing inflammation, helping with controlling pain, suppressing muscle spasms and convulsions, and helping fight free radicals in the blood stream.





THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) - THC is the most prevalent cannabinoid, with a wide range of medical benefits, along with the 'high' (euphoric feeling) generated when using cannabis. THC has very high psychoactive characteristics typically ranging from 5–25%. THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system and the immune system. Studies have shown THC's particular medicinal values include; helping control pain, helping with relaxation, suppressing pain from nerve damage, helping reduce the risk of nerve damage, helping control anxiety, suppressing muscle spasms and convulsions, helping control certain cancers, helping with nausea, slowing inflammation, helping fight free radicals in the blood stream, encouraging eating / appetite stimulation, stimulating new growth in nerve tissue, relieving chronic eye pressure and pain from glaucoma and other eye disorders.




THCA (Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) - THCA is a precursor of THC. THCA is typically the main constituent found in fresh cannabis and will decarboxylate to its active form while drying or when heated. THCA does not have psychoactive effects but can be used as an anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective medication. Studies have shown THCA’s particular medicinal values include; slowing inflammation, helping control cancer cell growth and suppressing muscle spasms and convulsions.





THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin) - THCV is an analogue to THC and shares characteristics that help to increase additional benefits of THC in smaller doses. Recent studies have shown THCV in larger doses reduces the medicinal effects of THC. THCV has medium psychoactive characteristics associated with it and studies have shown THCV’s particular medicinal values include; being an effective appetite suppressant and helping to control obesity (Type II Diabetes human testing currently under way).